This special report offers a detailed, evidence-based analysis of the sharp escalation in Taliban–Pakistan tensions, culminating in the cross-border airstrikes and clashes of October 2025. It traces the roots of the crisis, examines how a long-standing patron–proxy relationship rapidly unraveled, and highlights the political, military, and humanitarian consequences on both sides of the Durand Line. The report also outlines the regional implications, the muted international response, and the risks of a widening conflict.
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